Discovery of the molecular essence of Indian cuisine and opportunities for India

Are there fundamental principles underlying the composition of traditional recipes? Recipes have evolved for decades, if not for centuries, by the process of tinkering to emerge as survivors. They are shaped by complex interplay of culture, climate, geography and genetics. To expect to have an underlying pattern or rules by which they are designed is perhaps too much to ask for. One such principle that was suggested to be at the core of recipes is that of ‘food pairing’. Chef Heston Blumenthal proposed that a recipe tastes better when its ingredients are similar in flavor. This notion has been prevalent in the culinary industry across the world. While one doesn’t understand why humans would be wired to have olfactory (smell) and gustatory (taste) sensory mechanisms to appreciate one kind of pairing over the other, the concept of ‘positive food pairing’ has been in vogue among chefs, culinary enthusiasts and food scientists.

With the discovery of ‘contrasting food pairing’, hitherto unreported in the culinary world, with our research conducted at IIT Jodhpur, we showed that Indian cuisine is distinct and stands unique in its characteristic contrasting food pairing phenomenon (“Spices form the basis of food pairing in Indiancuisine”, A Jain, NK Rakhi and G Bagler, arXiv:1502:03815). This discovery has taken the culinary world by storm, and has been identified as an emerging technology by the prestigious MIT Technology Review.

Discovery of laws and principles propel technological innovations and commercial applications amply demonstrated in the past in the domains of physics, chemistry and biology. While invariant laws in culinary practices are a far cry from those in hard sciences, the knowledge of principles ingrained in their composition provides impetus for their scientific development and commercial utility. Understanding the molecular make up of recipe also reveals the inner instincts of its consumers and has the potential to transform food, catering and tourism industry. With the insights gained in the process of discovery of molecular essence of Indian cuisine, I present following four areas of opportunity that are made available to India.

Novel recipes

The space of possible recipes is astronomically large (~10¹⁷⁴) given typical size of a recipe (8) and number of ingredients available (193). It is practically impossible to create all those recipes and identify the ones that are palatable. With the knowledge of ‘complementary food pairing’ principle in Indian cuisine, one could implement data- and computation-driven algorithmic strategies to mine for recipes with high culinary fitness. Something similar has been attempted through IBM Chef Watson (a computational algorithm), which creates novel recipes which has been termed as ‘cognitive cooking’.

With the knowledge of molecular wiring of Indian cuisine, we are putting together a computational framework which will generate recipes that comply with the existing pattern of recipes at the molecular level. This can be leveraged for variety of applications: (a) mobile app that recommends novel recipes, (b) software that complements chefs’ intuition to assist him/her to generate new combinations, and (c) software for creating nutritional recipes with available bioresources. 

Food design

The understanding of molecular nature of accepted food allows us to design new snacks and beverages. These could be tinkered to incorporate new ingredients and flavors to create contrasting compositions. The flavor principle could be applied to learn quintessential features of snacks as a category and to innovate newer snacks. Similarly, beverages such as tea withhold a tremendous commercial potential to synthesize new varieties that are both healthy and receptive to consumers. Composite ingredients such as spices combinations (eg. garam masala) are characteristic of Indian cuisine, and provide opportunity to create divergent combinations. Bioresource that are abundantly available but are not commercially exploited could be used as a base of new food products. Professional chefs and food enthusiasts could a play a big role in increasing the repertoire of recipes and foods as well as towards initial assessment.    

Food as medicine

Indian subcontinent has had a long history of culinary practices in which food has nutritional as well as medicinal value. Ayurveda, the classic medicinal system of India, proposes that food has as much therapeutic value as drugs. There are two ways the discovery of molecular essence of Indian cuisine could help us leverage food as a medicine. One, we could reposition existing food for therapeutic interventions knowing their effect on health. Secondly, at the molecular level, we could hunt for chemical constituents of the food aimed at identification of potential therapeutic agents.

Unhealthy diet is one of the crucial risk factors for noncommunable diseases, such as diabetes and cancer, which kill around 36 million people worldwide each year. Empirical evidence suggests that dietary chemicals act on human genome directly or indirectly, altering gene expression thereby affecting the health. Understanding of molecular composition of the diet, therefore, provides a way to manipulate cell functions through diet. This discovery provides an immense opportunity to identify traditional food that, by virtue of their inherent molecular constitution, could be of medicinal value.

It is worth noting that recent research explorations have been focusing on investigation of molecular constituents we consume on regular basis and their potential effect on health. Natural compounds are known to be good candidates for the drug discovery process. Traditional understanding of healing effects of food ingredients (such as spices) could well be exploited in search of drugs. Such drugs are also expected to have far less adverse drug reactions than synthetic molecules.   

Food tourism

Food shapes the identity of a culture. India is a country with diverse cultures, climates, geographies and cuisines. Interestingly, our research has revealed that despite the differences regional cuisines are similar in their ‘contrasting food pairing’ property. The evolution of regional cuisines seemingly has maintained the unique integrating culinary thread across the apparent diversity. Food can serve as a central theme for tourism with diverse cultures and their rich cuisines serving as centers of attraction. Our work has raised a lot of curiosity about Indian food and the molecular secret behind its taste and its worldwide popularity. This exposure could be leveraged to create an identity for authentic Indian food in contrast to other world cuisines and therefore to develop tourism in India. 

Ganesh Bagler
(This article is to be published in Food and Beverages News magazine)

Airport Networks: Design, Efficiency and Emergence of Pandemic

The latest pandemic of swine (H1N1) flu has brought forth the issue of the world being a global village and increasing becoming so. A few decades back, when the world was not so well-connected without, particularly, the air-transportation, diseases such as SARS and swine (H1N1) flue would get contained to a relatively smaller geography and die out in short time.

Not the same any more. Before the origin of the disease could be located, much before the scientists are able to find which strain it is of, the human carriers could spread it across the continents, thanks to the dense and fast aviation infrastructure we have developed. A pandemic is thus born. A tool and infrastructure that was meant to serve the mankind is posing a threat of generating world-wide pandemic owing to human dynamics over the aviation infrastructure.

Is it possible to design airport networks such that while aiming for better efficiency in traffic dynamics, one could simultaneously reduce the chances of possible pandemic emerging over the network?

One paradigm with which to study the aviation infrastructure is that of complex systems, specifically complex networks. It is then possible to model the airport networks using such a model in which the spread of epidemic/pandemic on such a system could be viewed as a flow of information.

In past the aviation infrastructures have been studied at the national [1-4] as well as world-wide level [5] using complex networks model. There have been studies that model the spread of infectious diseases and predict spread of diseases in future events [6]. In the light of such studies, it would be interesting to know whether the above question can be answered.

A network is said to be assortative if richly connected nodes in it tend to connect to other rich nodes and vice versa. In a disassortatve network the richly connected nodes tend to be connected to poorly connected nodes.

One of the interesting features that comes out from the study of 'efficiency' and 'risks' of airport networks is that there is an apparent dichotomy between the two [7]. Network topology is one aspect that could possibly be engineered to achieve the desired results. An assortative network is reported to be conducive for information transfer, hence one with weaker resistance to spread of contagious diseases over it. On the other hand such a network is known to be resilient to simple targeted attacks from computational studies [8].

Enhancing airport networks to make them epidemic/pandemic tolerant, by tweaking the topology, would evidently make them prone to targeted attacks. Is there a way out of it? Perhaps there is [7].

The idea is to treat topological assortativity different from that of dynamic (traffic-generated) assortativity. The former is responsible for efficiency of the network (carrying the passengers over the network) and the latter enumerates a measure of human-to-human interaction on the airport network.

Thus a possibly ideal solution would be to tweak the topology to make it assortative while striving to achieve disassortative traffic dynamics profile over the network. Such a network would expectedly have a resilient topology against targeted attacks while at the same time possibly restraining percolation of infectious diseases across it. The details of how exactly to achieve such a "network state" in a geopoliticaly divided world-wide airport network leads to interesting thoughts to ponder upon.
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[1] Ganesh Bagler. Analysis of Airport Network of India as a complex weighted network. Physica A, 387, 2972–2980 (2008).

[2] W. Li and X. Cai. Statistical analysis of Airport Network of China. Phys. Rev. E, 69, 046106 (2003).

[3] M Guida and F. Maria. Topology of the Italian airport network: A scale-free small world network with a fractal structure? Chaos: Solitons and Fractals, 31, 527–536 (2007).

[4] Carlos Pestana Barrosa and Peter U.C. Dieke. Performance evaluation of italian airports: A data envelopment analysis. J. of Air Transport Management, 13, 184–191 (2007).

[5] Alain Barrat et al., The architecture of complex weighted networks. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA), 101, 3747–3752 (2004).

[6] Vittoria Colizza et al., The role of the airline transportation network in the prediction and predictability of global epidemics. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA), 103, 2015–2020 (2006).

[7] Ganesh Bagler, "Complex network view of performance and risks on airport network", Nova Science Publishers, USA, ISBN: 978-1-60692-1 (2009).

[8] M. E. J. Newman. Assortative mixing in networks. Phys. Rev. Lett., 89, 208701 (2002).

Also See: http://www.industry.siemens.com/Airports/en/
(Siemens is one of the companies that is working on various aspects of airport networks in view of design and growth of "Future of Airports". During their word-wide empirical study, representatives from Siemens interviewed me and discussed various aspects of airport networks, especially Airport Network of India.)